(to) catalogue

catalogue

κατάλογ-ος, ὁ,

A enrolment, register, catalogue, Pl.Tht. 175a, Lg. 968c;

ὀσπρίων Diocl.Fr.117

; κ. νεῶν the catalogue of ships in Il. 2, Plu.Sol.10: prov., of a long story,

νεῶν δὲ κατάλογον δόξεις μ' ἐρεῖν Apollod.Com.13.17

.

2 at Athens, register of citizens liable for service, ὁπλίτης ἐντεθεὶς ἐν κ. Ar.Eq. 1369; [ ὁπλῖται] ἐκ καταλόγου those on the list for service, Th.6.43, al.;

ἐκ κ. στρατευόμενος κατατέτριμμαι X.Mem.3.4.1

; οἱ ἐν τῷ κ. Id.HG2.4.9; οἱ ὑπὲρ τὸν κ. the superannuated, opp. οἱ ἐν ἡλικίᾳ, D.13.4; of trierarchs, Id.18.105; καταλόγους ποιεῖσθαι make up the lists for service, Th.6.26, D. 50.6;

εἰς τὸν κ. καταλέξαι Lys.25.16

; καταλόγοις Χρηστοῖς ἐκκριθέν, of picked troops, Th.6.31; προγράφειν στρατιᾶς κ. Plu.Cam.39;

τὸν κ. ἀποδιδράσκειν Luc.Nav.33

;

κ. ἀνδρῶν Χιλίων

authority to conscript

1000

recruits, Polyaen.3.3.

b list of the

βουλή, ἐκ τοῦ κ. ἐξαλείφειν X.HG2.3.51

.

c κατάλογοι βουλᾶς, οἱ, committee of the βουλή at Epidaurus, IG4.925, al.

γράμμα, ατος, τό, [dialect] Dor. [full] γράθμα, prob. in IG4.506 (Heraeum, vi/v B. C.), cf. An.Ox.1.102, but [full] γράσσμα, IG4.554 (Argos, v B. C.): late [dialect] Aeol. pl. [full] γρόππατα, Epigr.Gr.990.11 ([place name] Balbilla): ([etym.] γράφω):—

A that which is drawn: pl., lines of a drawing, picture, etc., E. Ion 1146 (of tapestry), Theoc.15.81; picture,

Ἀπέλλεω γ. Herod.4.73

, cf. AP 6.352 ([place name] Erinna): sg., drawing, picture, Pl.R. 472d, Cra. 430e, cf. 431c: pl., figures in a picture, Procop.Gaz.Ecphr.p.157B.

II written character, letter, Hdt.1.139, 148, etc.: in pl., letters, characters,

γραμμάτων τε συνθέσεις A.Pr. 460

;

πηλίκοις γ. Ep.Gal.6.11

; the letters, the alphabet, Hdt.5.58;

τὰ γ. καὶ τὰς συλλαβάς Pl.Cra. 390e

;

γ. Φοινίκια S.Fr. 514

; Ἀσσύρια, Ἑλληνικά, Hdt.4.87;

γράμματα ἐπίστασθαι Pl.Lg. 689d

; μαθεῖν to have learnt to read, Id.Prt. 325e;

γ. μὴ εἰδέναι SIG2844.6

; ἐδίδασκες γράμματα, ἐγὼ δ' ἐφοίτων you kept school—I went there, D.18.265;

ἤτοι τέθνηκεν ἢ διδάσκει γ. Com.Adesp.20

;

παιδεύειν γράμματα Arist.Pol. 1337b24

; τέχνη ἡμῶν γ. our profession is that of the scribe, PTeb.316.16 (i A. D.).

b articulate sound, letter, Pl.Phlb. 18c;

τὰ γ. πάθη ἐστὶ τῆς φωνῆς Arist.Pr. 895a12

; γράμματα φθέγγεσθαι ib.8, cf. PA 660a5.

c παρὰ γράμμα λέγοντα.. σκοπεῖν etymologically, Id.MM 1185b39; τὰ παρὰ γ. σκώμματα puns, Id.Rh. 1412a28; but ἀρετὴν παρὰ γ. διώκοντες, with ref. to Νικαρέτη, the mistress of Stilpo, Crates Theb.1.

d inscription,

τὸ Δελφικὸν γ. Pl.Phdr. 229e

, cf. Chrm. 164d, X.Mem.4.2.24, etc., IG 2.2876, al.: prov.,

εἰς πέλαγος.. γράμματα γράψαι Epigr.Gr.1038.8

([place name] Attalia).

2 in pl., notes in music, AP11.78 (Lucill.).

3 mathematical diagram, Epigr. ap. D.L.8.12.

4 letter inscribed on the lots which the δικασταί drew, Ar.Pl. 277, al., Arist.Ath.64.4; practically, = division of dicasts,

ἐν ὁποίῳ γ. δειπνεῖ Ar.Ec. 683

; ἁ κατὰ γράμμα φυλακά the roster of guards, SIG569.21 (Cos, iii B. C.).

b quarters of a town, PRein.49.2; accent, EM240.42, Zonar.

5 a small weight, 1/24 ounce, scruple, Androm. ap. Gal.13.114, Gp.7.13.2, PLips. 62 ii 27 (iv A. D.).

III in pl., set of written characters, piece of writing, Hdt.1.124: hence, letter, Id.5.14, IG22.103.8, etc.;

γραμμάτων πτυχαί S.Fr. 144

, cf. E.IT 594, al., Pl.Ep. 347c; inscription, epitaph, etc.,

ἐκόλαψε ἐς τὸν τάφον γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε Hdt. 1.187

, cf. 4.91, And.3.12, Theoc.18.47, IG3.751.

2 papers, documents, Antipho 1.30, D.36.21, etc. (sg., D.Chr.65.14); τούτων τὰ γ. the documents to prove this, Lys.32.14;

τὰ γ. τῆς δίκης Ar.Nu. 772

; τὰ δημόσια γ. the public records, Decr. ap. D.18.55; title-deeds, D.C.65.14; account of loans, D.49.59;

ἐπικαρπίαν ἐν γράμμασιν ἀποφέρειν Pl. Lg. 955d

; contract or estimate, BCH46.323 ([place name] Teos); catalogue, X.Cyr.7.4.12: in sg., bond, Ev. Luc.16.7; note of hand, J.AJ18.6.3.

3 a man's writings, i.e. book, treatise,

τὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος γ. Pl.Prm. 127c

(but sg., ib. 128a): pl., books, X.Mem.4.2.1;

Πλάτωνος τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς γ. Call.Epigr.25

, cf. AP9.63 (Asclep.), Gal.18(2).928; τὰ ἱερὰ γ. the Holy Scriptures, OGI56.36 (iii B. C.), Ph.2.574, 2 Ep.Ti.3.15, J.Ap.1.10; ἱερὰ γ., = Imperial rescripts, IG12(5).132 (Paros, iii A. D.); = hieroglyphics, OGI90.54 (Rosetta, ii B. C.): in sg., the Law of Moses, Ep.Rom.2.27, al.; opp. πνεῦμα, ib.29: sg., article of a treaty, Th. 5.29.

4 laws or rules, Pl.R. 425b, Plt. 292a, al., Ar.Ec. 1050; κατὰ γράμματα ἄρχειν, opp. ἄνευ γραμμάτων, Pl.Plt. 293a;

ἡ κατὰ γ. καὶ νόμους πολιτεία Arist.Pol. 1286a15

, cf. 1272a38: οἱ κατὰ γ. νόμοι, opp. οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθη, ib. 1287b5, cf. Pl.Plt. 299d;

κατὰ γράμματα ἰατρεύεσθαι Arist.Pol. 1287a34

; ἡ ἐκ τῶν γ. θεραπεία ib.40.

IV in pl., also, letters, learning,

ἀπείρους γραμμάτων Pl.Ap. 26d

, etc.

γρᾰφ-ή, ἡ,

A representation by means of lines: hence,

I drawing, delineation, Hdt.4.36; κατὰ γραφήν in outline, cj. in Pl.Smp. 193a; also of painting,

γραφῇ κοσμέειν Hdt.3.24

;

εἰκὼν γραφῇ εἰκασμένη Id.2.182

; the art of drawing or painting, Pl.Plt. 277c, Ti. 19b.

2 that which is drawn or painted, drawing, picture, ὅσον γραφῇ only in a picture, Hdt.2.73;

πρέπουσά θ' ὡς ἐν γραφαῖς A.Ag. 242

(lyr.); σπόγγος ὤλεσεν γραφήν ib. 1329;

μήτε ἄγαλμα μήτε γ. Arist.Pol. 1336b15

; also of embroidery, A.Ch. 232;

γραφαὶ ἀπὸ κερκίδος Philostr.Im.2.5

.

3 γ. παρειῶν painting, rouging the cheeks, Id.Ep.22.

II writing or the art of writing, Pl.Phdr. 274b, etc.: pl., αἱ γ. τῶν δικῶν the registration of.., Arist.Pol. 1321b36; γραφαὶ περὶ συμμαχίας, of treaties, ib. 1280a40.

2 that which is written, writing, S.Tr. 683, Agatho 4: hence, of various written documents, letter, Th.1.129: also in pl., E.IT 735; ψευδεῖς γ. spurious documents, ap.D.18.55 (but in E.Hipp. 1311 false statements); of published writings, τῶν

φιλοσόφων Phld.Ir.p.73

W., cf. D.H.Orat.Vett.4; ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ γ. in the first book, Epicur.Nat.Herc.1431.16; written law, Pl.Lg. 934c; contract, PAmh.2.43.13 (ii B. C.): pl., copies of judgements delivered in court, IG12(2).526d8 ([place name] Eresos).

b catalogue, list, return,

ἱερῶν PTeb.88.2

(ii B. C.);

τοῦ κατ' ἄνδρα OGI179.21

(Egypt, i B. C.);

τὰς κατ' ἄνδρα γραφάς PTeb.27.7

(ii B. C.), etc.; price-list, D.S.1.91.

c inscription, Th.1.134, IG12(5).679 ([place name] Syros), Epigr.Gr. 347 ([place name] Cios), D.C.37.21.

d MS. reading, Str.1.2.25, Gal.15.430, Alex.Aphr.in Sens.9.29, Herm.in Phdr.p.154A., etc.

3 the Holy Scripture, Aristeas 155, 2 Ep.Pet.1.20: pl., Ph.1.18, J.Ap.2.4, Ev.Matt.21.42, al.: also in sg., of a particular passage, Act.Ap.8.32, al.

4 γ. φαρμάκου medical prescription, Gal.12.293, 13.638, 15.918.

5 record-office, archive, IG11(2).203B101 (Delos, iii B. C.).

III ([etym.] γράφομαι) as law-term,

1 bill of indictment in a public prosecution,

λέγε, τὴν γ. αὐτὴν λαβών D.18.53

.

2 criminal prosecution in the interest of the state (cf. Poll.8.41),

γραφὴν ὕβρεως καὶ δίκην κακηγορίας ἰδίαν φεύξεται Id.21.32

, cf. Lys.1.44, Is.11.28, etc.;

γραφὴν γράφεσθαι Pl.Lg. 929e

, etc.;

γρ. γ. τινά Id.Euthphr.2b

, etc.;

γ. ἀπενεγκεῖν Aeschin.3.217

;

γραφήν τινος διώκειν τινά D.19.293

;

πολλὰς γ. διώξας οὐδεμίαν εἷλεν Antipho 2.1.5

;

γραφὴν ἁλῶναι Id.2.2.9

; γ. κατασκευάζειν κατά τινος, ἐπί τινα, D.21.103, 22.2; γ. εἰσέρχεσθαι, εἰσιέναι, appear before the court in a public prosecution, either as prosecutor or prosecuted, Id.18.105.

3 generally, an ordinary public action, opp. to special forms (such as εἰσαγγελία, εὔθυναι, etc.),

γραφάς, εὐθύνας, εἰσαγγελίας, πάντα ταῦτ' ἐπαγόντων μοι D.18.249

, cf. X.Ath.3.2, Lys.16.12.

διάκοσμ-ος, ὁ,

A = διακόσμησις, Parm.8.60;

ὁ τοῦ βίου δ. Arist.Mu. 399b16

; δ. οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς ib. 400b32;

ὁ λογικὸς δ. εἰκὼν ὅλου τοῦ δημιουργοῦ Hierocl. in CA1p.419M.

, cf. Orph.H.34.18; θεῶν, νοεροί δ., Procl.Inst. 145, Dam.Pr.81; μέγας, μικρὸς Διάκοσμος, titles of works by Leucippus and Democritus, D.L. 9.13;

ὁ Ἀναξαγόρειος δ. Satyr.Vit.Eur.Fr.37iii18

.

2 battle-order, Th.4.93.

II the Catalogue of ships in Il.2, Str.12.3.5, Sch.Il. Oxy.221 vi 22.

συγκατα-λαμβάνω,

A seize, take possession of together, X.Cyr.4.2.42; occupy at the same time, in a military sense,

τὸ χωρίον Th.7.26

;

τὴν πόλιν Isoc.19.19

.

2 comprehend together with, τινι D.L.9.97 ([voice] Pass.).

3 take in with, τὰ συγκαταλαμβανόμενα τῶν πνευμάτων αὐτοῖς the air which they have taken in with their food, Diocl.Fr.141.

------------------------------------

συγκατα-λέγω (B),

A repeat or quote along with, [ γνώμας τοῖς λόγοις] Arist.Rh.Al. 1434a38.

2 appoint in addition,

πολλοὺς [πρεσβευτὰς] τῶν ἀνεπιτηδείως ἐχόντων Plu.2.819a

;

ταῖς ἐντιμοτάταις ἀρχαῖς σ. παρασίτους Clearch.1

.

3 include in or add to a list or catalogue, Str.8.4.1, 13.3.1 ([voice] Act. and [voice] Pass.), Gal.15.454: c. gen.,

τοῦδε ἢ τοῦδε τοῦ κλίματος -λεχθέντα Str.11.12.1

;

τινάς τισι Apollod.3.6.3

, cf. J.AJ2.7.4 ([voice] Pass.).

ἀπόφᾰσις (A), εως, ἡ, ([etym.] ἀπόφημι)

A denial, negation, opp. κατάφασις, Pl.Sph. 263e; ἀ. ἐστιν ἀπόφανσίς τινος ἀπό τινος a predication of one thing away from another, i.e. negation of it, Arist.Int. 17a25, cf.APo. 72a14; ἀ. τινός negation, exclusion of a thing, Pl.Cra. 426d; δύο ἀ.

μίαν κατάφασιν ἀποτελοῦσι Luc.Gall.11

.

II negative particle, e.g. οὐ, A.D.Adv.124.8, al.; sign of negation, Stoic.2.52 (pl.).

------------------------------------

ἀπόφᾰσις (B), εως, ἡ, (ἀποφαίνω)

A = ἀπόφανσις, sentence, decision, of an arbitrator's award,

διαίτης D.47.45

, cf. 33.21; κατά τινος, of an Amphictyonic decree, D.S.16.24;

ἀ. ἔγγραφος OGI335.72

(Pergam.); of an emperor, PTeb.286.11 (ii A.D., pl.).

2 catalogue, inventory,

ἀ. δοῦναι D.42.1

,14.

3 = ἀπόφανσις, assertion, judgement, Arist.Rh. 1365b27, Epicur.Ep.3p.60U., Phld.Ir.p.75 W., Plb.1.14.8 (pl.), al.;

περί τινος Plu.Comp.Sol.Publ.1

, cf. Str.2.1.19;

καταληπτικὴ ἀ. S.E. P.2.123

.

b answer, Plb.22.13.7;

πρὸς τὰ κατηγορούμενα Id.24.2.5

.

4 oracle, Jul.Ep.89.

5 = φάσμα, appearance, image, sc. τοῦ ἡλίου, Diog.Oen.8.

ἄρᾰ, [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant [full] ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith.

A i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses.

A EARLIER USAGE: to denote,

I immediate transition, there and then, straightway,

ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος Il.2.16

: after a part.,

ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68

, al.;

πυθόμενος.. εἶπε ἄ. Hdt.4.134

, cf. 9.9;

ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα X.Cyr.1.3.2

; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.;

οὕτως ἄρα Pl.Phdr. 259b

; often in apodosi, as

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν Od.5.77

; repeated

τὼ μὲν ἄρ'.. κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ'.. ἀγόρευε Il.21.426

: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next,

οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546

; so in genealogies,

Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154

.

2 to draw attention, mark you!

τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456

; with imper.,

ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522

: to point a moral or general statement,

φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532

.

II connexion, such as,

1 that of antecedent and consequent,

οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599

, cf. 24.507;

τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96

; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην; who then (say you) was.. ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο.. τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom.., 4.501: freq. in such phrases as

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35

, al.;

ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584

, al.;

ἦ ῥα 3.355

, al., thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.

2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom ( and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Od.4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., Il.7.182.

B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν)

, ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist.EN 1099a24

;

δῆλον ἄ. Id.Pol. 1295b33

; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.SE 174b11, Rh. 1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, as it seems,

οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il.16.33

;

οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670

;

μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S.El. 772

; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., X.HG7.1.32;

πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος Pl.R. 358c

;

ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα.. θερμότερα Ar.Eq. 382

;

ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα Trag.Adesp.374

; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. .. Pl.R. 375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό ib. 432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. X.An.2.2.3.

2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is there to save ? A.Th.92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! Id.Pers. 733; so ὡς ἄρα ib. 472, S.Fr. 577;

τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; Id.Ant. 1285

;

τί οὖν.. ἄ. X.Oec.6.2

; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone,

ἔζης ἄ. S.Fr. 686

: esp. in ironical comments, Ar.Av. 476, 1371, etc.

3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. .. Pl.Tht. 152d, cf. 156e.

4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2.

5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Pl.Ap. 38b, D.58.4; separated from εἰ μή, Id.9.20; with irony,

εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X.Mem.1.2.8

.

6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition,

ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th.1.93

, etc.; or simply, perhaps (sts. separated from εἰ)

, εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανεν D.21.8

;

εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th.4.86

.

C IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Ar.Ach. 325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Id.Th. 248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E.Hyps.Fr.34.86.

D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.Mech. 851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt.12.28, Ep.Rom.10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc.11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.

ἐπεισόδ-ιος, ον,

A coming in besides, adventitious,

σύμφυτον.., οὐκ ἐ. Plu.2.451c

, cf. 584e;

ἐ. ἀκροάματα Id.Luc.40

;

ἐπιθυμίαι Id.Cat.Ma.18

;

φύκους ἄνθος ἐ. AP5.18

(Rufin.).

II [full] ἐπεισόδιον, τό, addition for the purpose of giving pleasure, Plu.2.629c, 710d; ἐ. γαστρός, of dessert, AP6.232.6 (Crin.(?)).

2 in Poetry, parenthetic addition, episode:

a in [dialect] Ep. poems, as the Catalogue in the Iliad, Arist.Po. 1459a36.

b in Tragedy, the portions of dialogue between two choric songs, ib. 1452b20: then of all underplots or parenthetic narratives in poetry, which might themselves form distinct wholes, ib. 1451b34; also in prose speeches, etc., D.H.Comp.19, Isoc.4, Th.7.

c in Comedy, interlude, intermezzo, Metag.14.

3 metaph.,

ἐπεισόδια τύχης Plb.2.35.5

;

ὅτι μὴ ἐ. τὸ σὸν τῷ παντί Plot. 3.3.3

.

ἔλεγχος (A), εος, τό,

A reproach, disgrace, dishonour,

δὴ γὰρ ἔλεγχος ἔσσεται εἴ κεν νῆας ἕλῃ κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ Il.11.314

;

ἡμῖν δ' ἂν ἐλέγχεα ταῦτα γένοιτο Od.21.329

, cf. Pi.N.3.15; of men, the abstr. being put for the concrete, κάκ' ἐλέγχεα base reproaches to your name, Il.5.787, al., Hes. Th.26; ἐλέγχεα alone, Il.24.260.

------------------------------------

ἔλεγχος (B), ὁ,

A argument of disproof or refutation, πολύδηρις ἔ. Parm. 1.36, cf. Pl.Phdr. 276a;

ὁ ἔ. συναγωγὴ τῶν ἀντικειμένων ἐστίν Arist.Rh. 1410a22

, cf. 1396b26;

ἔ. δὲ συλλογισμὸς μετ' ἀντιφάσεως τοῦ συμπεράσματος Id.SE 165a2

, cf.APr. 66b11; ἐλέγχου ἄγνοια, ignoratio elenchi, Id.SE 168a18;

ὅταν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐ. πιέζωνται Phld.D.3.8

.

II generally, cross-examining, testing, scrutiny, esp. for purposes of refutation, οὐκ ἔχει ἔλεγχον does not admit of disproof, Hdt.2.23; τῶνδ' ἔλεγχον, abs., as a test of this, S.OT 603;

τὰ ψευδῆ ἔλεγχον ἔχει Th.3.53

; ἔ. παραδοῦναί τινι to give him an opportunity of refuting, Pl.Phdr. 273c; δόμεν τι βασάνῳ ἐς ἔ. to submit it to scrutiny, Pi.N.8.21; χρυσὸς νόθου ἀρετῆς ἔ. Com.Adesp.195; ἀρετῆς ἔ. δοῦναι a proof or test of it, And.1.150; ἔ. διδόναι τοῦ βίου to give an account of one's life, Pl.Ap. 39c;

οἱ ἔ. περὶ ὀρφανῶν Is.4.22

;

τὸ πρᾶγμα τὸν ἔ. δώσει D.4.15

; ἔ. ποιεῖν τινός to test it, Ar.Ra. 786;

ἔ. ποιήσασθαι τῶν πεπραγμένων Antipho 1.7

; ἔ. λαβεῖν τινός make trial of it, ib.12; ἐλέγχους ἀποδέχεσθαι to admit tests, Lys.19.6; ἐλέγχους προσφέρειν to allege them, Ar.Lys. 484; διάπειρα βροτῶν ἔ. Pi.O.4.20;

οὐδὲ ἔ. παρασχὼν οὐδὲ βάσανον Antipho 2.4.7

;

ἔ. διδόναι And.2.4

; εἰς ἔ. πεσεῖν to be convicted, E.Hipp. 1310, cf. HF 73; δεικνυμένων ἐ. Id.Heracl. 905 (lyr.);

οὔτ' εἰς ἔ. χειρὸς οὐδ' ἔργου μολών S.OC 1297

; εἰς ἔ. ἐξιέναι to proceed to the proof, put to the test, Id.Ph.98; or, to be put to the proof, Id.Fr. 105;

ἐξελθεῖν E.Alc. 640

;

εἰς ἔ. ἰέναι περί τινος Pl.Phdr. 278c

;

εἰς ἔ. ἔρχεσθαί τινος Philem.93.3

;

καταστῆναι εἰς ἔ. καὶ λόγον Isoc.12.150

;

ἔ. φεύγειν Antipho 5.38

; οἱ περὶ Παυσανίαν ἔ. the evidence on which he was convicted, Th.1.135;

πίστις πραγμάτων ἔ. οὐ βλεπομένων Ep.Hebr.11.1

.

III Ἔλεγχος personified, Men.545, Luc.Pseudol.4.

b applied to Conscience,

τὸ συνειδὸς ἔ. ἀδέκαστος Ph.1.236

; ἔ. κατάλογον ποιεῖται τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων [ τῆς ψυχῆς] ib. 291.

IV catalogue, inventory, Gloss., Suet. Gramm.8 (pl.).

V drop-pearl, Plin.HN9.113, Juv.6.459.

αἰσχροκερδής, ές (since Eur., And. 451, Hdt. 1, 187; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 32 end; TestJud 16:1) shamelessly greedy for money, avaricious, fond of dishonest gain (cp. Lysias 12, 19) 1 Ti 3:8 (vs. 3 v.l.); Tit 1:7 (also in a catalogue of vices Ptolem., Apotel. 3, 14, 15).—DELG s.v. αἶσχος. Spicq.

εἰδωλολατρία, ας, ἡ (on the sp.-εία s. B-D-F §23; 119, 2; TestJud 19:1; GrBar 8:5; Just., Orig.) derogatory term image-worship, idolatry D 3:4. In a catalogue of vices Gal 5:20; B 20:1; D 5:1. Of greed Col 3:5 (cp. Eph 5:5; Pol 11:2 and s. HWeinel, D. Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister 1899, 14f). The unregenerate heart is πλήρης εἰδωλολατρίας full of idolatry B 16:7; φεύγειν ἀπὸ τῆς εἰ. 1 Cor 10:14 (cp. κινεῖσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς εἰ. Did., Gen. 210, 12). Pl. πορεύεσθαι ἐν ἀθεμίτοις εἰ. walk in unlawful idolatry, i.e. commit unlawful deeds connected w. polytheistic worship 1 Pt 4:3.—M-M. TW.

θλῖψις, εως, ἡ (s. θλίβω; on the accent s. B-D-F §13; W-S. §6, 3c; Mlt-H. 57.—KLipsius, Grammat. Untersuchungen über d. bibl. Gräz. 1863, 34f, prefers to write θλίψις; so also W-H.) rare in extra-Biblical Gk., and there lit., ‘pressing, pressure’ (Aristot., Meterol. 4, 4, 383a, 13; Epicurus p. 45, 9 Us.; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4, 394a, 29; Strabo, Galen).

① in our lit. (as in LXX, En, Test12Patr, JosAs cod. A; Just., D. 116, 2; Mel.) freq. and in the metaph. sense trouble that inflicts distress, oppression, affliction, tribulation (so Vett. Val. 71, 16; Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/3 p. 175, 5; 178, 8; pl. 169, 2 [s. Boll 134f]; OGI 444, 15 [II or I B.C.] διὰ τὰς τ. πόλεων θλίψεις; BGU 1139, 4 [I B.C.]; POxy 939, 13; PAmh 144, 18). Of distress that is brought about by outward circumstances (Jos., Ant. 4, 108; En, PsSol, Mel.; Did., Gen. 116, 10), in sg. and pl. Ac 11:19; Ro 5:3b; 12:12; 2 Cor 1:8; 6:4; 8:2; Rv 1:9; 2:9, 22; 1 Cl 22:7 (Ps 33:18); 59:4; 2 Cl 11:4 (quot. of unknown orig.); Hs 7:4ff. ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θ. ἡμῶν 2 Cor 1:4a; 7:4; 1 Th 3:7; ἐν πάσῃ θ. (TestGad 4:4) 2 Cor 1:4b; ἐν (τ.) θ. Ro 5:3a; Eph 3:13; 1 Th 1:6; 3:3. ἐν πολλαῖς θ. καὶ ποικίλαις Hs 7, 4. θ. μεγάλη great tribulation (SibOr 3, 186) Mt 24:21 (1 Macc 9:27); Ac 7:11; Hv 4, 2, 4. Plural Hv 3, 2, 1. ἡ θ. ἡ μεγάλη the great tribulation Rv 7:14; τὸ ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θ. slight affliction 2 Cor 4:17. ἀνταποδοῦναί τινι θλῖψιν repay someone w. affliction 2 Th 1:6. W. ἀνάγκη (q.v. 2) 1 Th 3:7. W. διωγμός Mt 13:21; Mk 4:17; Ac 8:1 D; 13:50 D; pl. 2 Th 1:4. W. δεσμά (TestJos 2:4) Ac 20:23. W. ὀνειδισμός Hb 10:33. W. στενοχωρία (q.v.) Ro 2:9. W. στενοχωρία and διωγμός 8:35 (w. λιμός and στενοχωρία Hippol., Ref. 5, 26, 12).—On the catalogue of hardships (peristasis) cp. 1 Cor 4:9–13; 2 Cor 4:8f; 6:4–10; 11:23–28; 12:10; Phil 4:11; s. FDanker, Augsburg Comm. 2 Cor ’89, 89–91; 180f; idem, The Endangered Benefactor in Luke-Acts: SBLSP ’81, 39–48; JFitzgerald, Cracks in an Earthen Vessel ’88; MFerrari, Die Sprache des Leids in den paulinischen Persistasen-katalogen ’91; MEbner, Leidenslisten u. Apostelbrief ’91.—ἡμέρα θλίψεως day of affliction (Gen 35:3; 2 Km 22:19; cp. En 103:9; TestLevi 5:5) 1 Cl 52:3 (Ps 49:15).—Of the tribulations of the last days (as Da 12:1) Mt 24:21, 29; Mk 13:19, 24. ἡ θ. ἡ ἐρχομένη ἡ μεγάλη the great tribulation to come Hv 2, 2, 7; cp. 2, 3, 4; 4, 1, 1; 4, 2, 5; 4, 3, 6.—Distress caused by war 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:27). θ. θανάτου affliction of death B 12:5. Difficult circumstances 2 Cor 8:13; Js 1:27; συγκοινωνεῖν τῇ θ. show an interest in (someone’s) distress Phil 4:14. Of a woman’s birth-pangs J 16:21.—ὅταν γένηται θ. when persecution comes Hv 3, 6, 5. θλῖψιν ἀκούειν hear of persecution Hs 9, 21, 3. θλῖψιν ἔχειν J 16:33; 1 Cor 7:28; Rv 2:10; Hv 2, 3, 1; Hs 7:3. ἐὰν ὑπενέγκῃ τὰς θλίψεις τὰς ἐπερχομένας αὐτῷ Hs 7:4; cp. 7:6. ἐξείλατο αὐτὸν ἐκ πασῶν τῶν θλίψεων αὐτοῦ Ac 7:10. διὰ πολλῶν θ. εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τ. βασιλείαν 14:22. τότε παραδώσουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς θλῖψιν Mt 24:9; cp. B 12:5. ἀποστήσεται πᾶσα θ. ἀπὸ σοῦ … ἀπὸ πάντων ἀποστήσεται ἡ θ. Hs 7, 7.—Of the sufferings of Christ θλίψεις τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 1:24 (s. on ἀνταναπληρόω and πάθημα 1).

② inward experience of distress, affliction, trouble (Gen 35:3; 42:21 θ. τῆς ψυχῆς) θ. καὶ συνοχὴ καρδίας trouble and anguish of heart 2 Cor 2:4. θλῖψιν ἐγείρειν τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου cause trouble for me in my imprisonment Phil 1:17. Ἅννα … περιείλατο πᾶσαν θλῖψιν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς GJs 2:4 (cod. A, not pap; s. περιαιρέω 1).—DELG s.v. θλίβω. M-M. TW.

καθήκω impf. 3 sg. καθῆκεν Jdth 11:13 (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.) to be appropriate, come/reach to, be proper/fitting καθήκουσα ἡ τιμή the proper respect 1 Cl 1:3. Usu. impers. καθήκει it comes (to someone) (X. et al., oft. ins, pap, LXX) foll. by acc. and inf. (Diod S 16, 1, 1; Jos., Ant. 7, 131) οὐ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῆν he should not be allowed to live Ac 22:22 (on the impf. s. B-D-F §358, 2; Rob. 886f).—τὸ καθῆκον what is proper, duty (Menand., Fgm. 532, 2 Kö.; Stoic wr. since Zeno [s. Ltzm., Hdb. on Ro 1:28; GNebel, Her 70, ’35, 439–60; MPohlenz, D. Stoa I /II 4th ed. ’70/72: index]; Polyb. 6, 6, 7; pap and ins [on freq. in both s. M-M.]; EpArist 227; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 32a) πολιτεύεσθαι κατὰ τὸ κ. τῷ Χριστῷ conduct oneself in a manner that enhances the prestige of Christ (dat. of advantage) 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. IG² 1365, 15f). παρὰ τὸ κ. (Diog. L. 7, 108; SIG 643, 6 [171 B.C.]; POxy 1203, 3; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 32b; Jos., Ant. 13, 66): παρὰ τὸ κ. τῆς βουλήσεως αὐτοῦ ποιεῖν τι do anything contrary to the duty imposed by his will 1 Cl 41:3. Pl. τὰ κ. (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 5 al.; EpArist 245; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 56) τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα (UPZ 191, 8 [III B.C.]; 2 Macc 6:4; 3 Macc 4:16) ποιεῖν τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα do what is improper Ro 1:28 (M-JLagrange, Le catalogue des vices dans Ro 1:28–31, RB 8, 1911, 534–49; against Stoic influence: M-M.).—On probability of a contractual metaphor Ro 1:28 s. Danker, Gingrich Festschr., ’72, 95f.—B. 643. DELG s.v. ἥκω. M-M. TW.

κακοήθεια, ας, ἡ (s. κακός, ἦθος; X., Pla. et al.; T. Kellis 22, 22) a basic defect in character that leads one to be hurtful to others, meanspiritedness, malice, malignity, craftiness (so Polyb. 5, 50, 5; Vett. Val. 44, 20; PGrenf I, 60, 13 [cp. Sb 5112, 15]; Esth 8:12f; 3 Macc 3:22; Jos., Ant. 1, 50; 16, 68, C. Ap. 1, 222 [w. φθόνος]; Tat. 16, 1) in a catalogue of vices (Apollonius of Tyana, Ep. 43 [Philostrat. I 354, 6]: φθόνου, κακοηθείας, μίσους, διαβολῆς, ἔχθρας) Ro 1:29; 1 Cl 35:5 (Aristot., Rhet. 2, 13 p. 1389b, 20f defines it thus: ἔστι κακοήθεια τὸ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον ὑπολαμβάνειν ἅπαντα=malice means seeing the worst in everything; Ammonius [100 A.D.] p. 80 Valck. defines it as κακία κεκρυμμένη=baseness lurking in the shadows. Cp. 4 Macc 1:4; 3:4).—DELG s.v. ἦθος. M-M. TW. Spicq.

κενοδοξία, ας, ἡ (s. next entry)

① a vain or exaggerated self-evaluation, vanity, conceit, excessive ambition (Polyb. 3, 81, 9; Plut., Mor. 57d; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 20, 4; Vett. Val. 358, 31; 4 Macc 2:15; 8:19; AscIs 3, 26 and 28; Philo, De Jos. 36; Tat. 32, 1) κατὰ κενοδοξίαν from empty conceit Phil 2:3; IPhld 1:1. In a catalogue of vices (as Cebes 24, 2) 1 Cl 35:5; Hm 8:5.

② vain or worthless opinion, illusion, delusion, error (since Epicurus p. 78, 7 Us.; Wsd 14:14; Philo, Mut. Nom. 96, Leg. ad Gai. 114) ἐμπίπτειν εἰς τὰ ἄγκιστρα τῆς κ. be caught on the fishhooks of error IMg 11. φέρεσθαι ταῖς κ. τινός let oneself be misled by someone’s delusions Hs 8, 9, 3.—FWilhelm, RhM 70, 1915, 188; 72, 1917/18, 383f w. many exx.—M-M. TW. Sv.

μητρολῴας, ου, ὁ (μήτηρ, ἀλοιάω ‘to strike’) in the NT the mss. also attest the later form μητραλῴας (B-D-F §26; 35, 2; 119, 2; Mlt-H. 68.—Attic μητραλοίας Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Phd. 113e; 114a πατραλοῖαι καὶ μητραλοῖαι, Leg. 9, 881a μητραλοῖαι … ὸ̔ς ἂν τολμήσῃ μητέρα τύπτειν.—Lysias 10, 8; Lucian, Deor. Conc. 12; AscIs 4:2) one who murders his mother, a matricide (w. πατρολῴας. On these very strong words in a catalogue of vices cp. Physiogn. I 327, 15 πατροφόνοι τε καὶ μητροφόνοι παιδοφθόροι τε καὶ φαρμακοὶ κ. τὰ ὅμοια τούτων) 1 Ti 1:9.—DELG s.v. ἀλωή.

παράβασις, εως, ἡ (παραβαίνω; see next entry; Strabo et al.; pap, LXX, En, Test12 Patr, GrBar; ApcEsdr 2:12 p. 26, 6 Tdf.; ApcMos, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 7:3) act of deviating from an established boundary or norm, overstepping, transgression w. objective gen. (Plut., Mor. 122d, Ages. et Pomp. 662 [1, 5]; 2 Macc 15:10) ἡ π. τοῦ νόμου the violation of the law (Porphyr., Abst. 2, 61 Nauck ἡ τοῦ νόμου παράβασις; Alex. Aphr., An. Mant. II 1 p. 158, 37 δικαίων π.=violation of the laws.—Philo, Somn. 2, 123; Jos., Ant. 8, 129 τ. νομίμων π.; 13, 69 ἡ τ. νόμου π.; 18, 263; 340) Ro 2:23. W. subjective gen. (Wsd 14:31) ἡ π. Ἀδάμ Adam’s transgression 5:14. ἡ π. αὐτῶν B 12:5b. Pl. αἱ π. τοῦ οἴκου σου the transgressions of your family Hv 2, 3, 1. Abs. (Plut., Mor. 209a; 746c; Ps 100:3; 4 Km 2:24 v.l.; En 98:5.—Of the Adamic fall into sin: Iren. 4, 40, 3 [Harv. II 303, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 40, 23; ὁ ἄνθρωπος πρὸ παραβάσεως Did., Gen. 82, 8) Ro 4:15; Hb 9:15; B 12:5a W. παρακοή Hb 2:2. Among many other vices in a catalogue of vices B 20:1. ἐν π. γίνεσθαι become a transgressor 1 Ti 2:14. τῶν παραβάσεων χάριν in the interest of transgressions i.e. to make them poss. and numerous Gal 3:19.—DELG s.v. βαίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

πίστις, εως, ἡ (Hes., Hdt.+; ranging in meaning from subjective confidence to objective basis for confidence).

① that which evokes trust and faith

ⓐ the state of being someone in whom confidence can be placed, faithfulness, reliability, fidelity, commitment (X., An. 1, 6, 3; 3, 3, 4; Aristot., Eth. Eud, 7, 2, 1237b, 12; Polyb. 7, 12, 9; 38, 1, 8 al.; Herodian 2, 14, 4 al.; SIG 675, 22; OGI 557, 16; PTebt 27, 6; 51 [II B.C.]; POxy 494, 9; 705, 32; other pap M-M. s.v.; Ps 32:4; Pr 12:22; Jos., Ant. 2, 61; TestAsh 7:7) w. κρίσις and ἔλεος Mt 23:23. (Opp. ἀπιστία as Hes., Op. 370) τὴν πίστιν τοῦ θεοῦ καταργεῖν nullify the faithfulness/commitment of God (cp. Ps 32:4; Hos 2:22) Ro 3:3. πᾶσαν π. ἐνδείκνυσθαι ἀγαθήν show all good faith(fulness) Tit 2:10 (cp. BGU 314, 19 μετὰ πίστεως ἀγαθῆς). W. other virtues Gal 5:22 (on πίστις, πραΰτης cp. Sir 45:4; 1:27). W. ὑπομονή 2 Th 1:4. τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα I have remained faithful or loyal (πίστιν τηρεῖν as Polyb. 6, 56, 13; 10, 37, 5; Jos., Bell. 2, 121; 6, 345; OGI 339, 46f; IBM III, 587b, 5f [Dssm., LO 262=LAE 309, esp. note 3]) 2 Ti 4:7, though this would be classified by some under 3 below. S. also 1c below.

ⓑ a solemn promise to be faithful and loyal, assurance, oath, troth (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 44; 8, 8, 3, Hell. 1, 3, 12; Diod S 14, 9, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §362 μεγάλας πίστεις ἔδωκεν=solemn assurances; 3 Macc 3:10; Jos., Ant. 12, 382) τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν 1 Ti 5:12 (s. also ἀθετέω 1 and cp. CIA app. [Wünsch, Praef. p. xv] of a woman who πρώτη ἠθέτησεν τὴν πίστιν to her husband). Cp. Rv 2:3.

ⓒ a token offered as a guarantee of someth. promised, proof, pledge (Pla., Phd. 70b; Isocr. 3, 8; Aristot., Rhet. 1, 1; 3, 13; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 63; 85: πίστις βεβαία=dependable proof; Polyb. 3, 100, 3; Περὶ ὕψους 39, 3=p. 74, 20 V.; Epict. 1, 28, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 119 §500; Jos., Ant. 15, 69) πίστιν παρασχὼν πᾶσιν ἀναστήσας αὐτόν (God has appointed a man [Jesus] to be judge of the world, and) he has furnished proof (of his fitness for this office) to all people by raising him (on πίστιν παρέχειν cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 218 πίστιν παρεῖχε; 15, 260; Polyb. 2, 52, 4 πίστιν παρέσχετο=gave a pledge, security; Vett. Val. 277, 29f) Ac 17:31. JBarton, Biblica 40, ’59, 878–84: π. in 2 Ti 4:7= bond deposited by an athlete. But see 3 below.—WSchmitz, ῾Η Πίστις in den Papyri, diss. Cologne, ’64.

② state of believing on the basis of the reliability of the one trusted, trust, confidence, faith in the active sense=‘believing’, in ref. to deity (Soph. Oed. R. 1445 νῦν γʼ ἂν τῷ θεῷ πίστιν φέροις; Pla., Leg. 12, 966de; Plut. Mor. 402e; 756b; Dio Chrys. 3, 51 παρὰ θεῶν τιμὴ κ. πίστις; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 226 D.: πίστιν ἐν τ. θεοῖς ἔχειν; Appian, Liby. 57 §248 ἐς θεοὺς πίστις; Ep. 33 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 352, 14]; Herm. Wr. 9, 10 ἐπίστευσε καὶ ἐν τῇ καλῇ πίστει ἐπανεπαύσατο; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 21 τῆς βεβαίας πίστεως, τὸ μεμαθηκέναι, ὅτι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ προνοεῖται πάντα. The divinity Πίστις in Plut., Num. 70 [16, 1] and in magic [exx. in Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 234f, among them Aberciusins. 12; PGM 4, 1014 ἀλήθεια καὶ πίστις; 12, 228]; Wsd 3:14; 4 Macc 15:24; 16:22; 17:2; Philo, Abr. 270; 271; 273, Mut. Nom. 182, Migr. Abr. 43f, Conf. Lingu. 31, Poster. Cai. 13 [on faith in Philo s. the lit. given under πιστεύω 2aα]; Jos, C. Ap. 2, 163; 169; Just., A I, 52, 1 πίστιν ἔχειν; 53, 11 πειθὼ καὶ πίστιν … ἐμφορῆσαι), in our lit. directed toward God and Christ, their revelations, teachings, promises, their power and readiness to aid.

ⓐ God: πίστις θεοῦ (cp. Jos., Ant. 17, 179.—Cp. π. καὶ φόβος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [p. 72, 26]) faith, trust, confidence in God Mk 11:22; cp. Ac 19:20 D; 1 Cl 3:4; 27:3. π. θείου πνεύμαπος faith in the divine spirit Hm 11:9. ἡ π. τοῦ κυρίου Hs 6, 3, 6. π. (καὶ ἐλπὶς) εἰς θεόν 1 Pt 1:21. π. ἐπὶ θεόν Hb 6:1. ἡ πίστις ἡ πρὸς τὸν θεόν 1 Th 1:8 (on the constr. w. πρὸς τ. θ. cp. Philo, Abr. 268; 271; 273; Just., D. 121, 2 διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον π.).—πίστις can also be characterized as faith in God by the context, without the addition of specific words; so in connection w. OT personalities: Abraham Ro 4:5, 9, 11–13, 16, 19f (s. also 2dα below); 1 Cl 10:7; 31:2; of Rahab 12:1, 8; of Esther 55:6 (ἡ τελεία κατὰ πίστιν). The OT heroes of faith Hb 11:4–33, 39 (w. this catalogue of heroes cp. Il. 4, 457–538; 2 Km 23:8–39; 1 Ch 11:10–12:18; CGordon, Homer, and the Bible: HUCA 26, ’55, 83).—But in Hb it is also true that God is specifically the object of the Christian’s faith, and Christ 12:2 is ὁ τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειώτης. Cp. 10:38; 11:3; 13:7. (On faith in Hb s. Schlatter, Der Glaube im NT⁴ 1927, 520ff; BHeigl, Verfasser u. Adresse des Hb 1905, 109–18; GHoennicke, Die sittl. Anschauungen des Hb: ZWT 45, 1902, 26ff; Windisch, Hdb. exc. on Hb 11; Riggenbach and Michel on Hb 11; Strathmann on 10:38. S. ὑπόστασις end.)—ἐὰν ἔχητε πίστιν Mt 17:20. Opp. doubt 21:21. αἰτεῖν ἐν πίστει μηδὲν διακρινόμενος Js 1:6. ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως 5:15 (εὐχή 1). ἡ πίστις τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead Col 2:12.

ⓑ Christ

α. of belief and trust in the Lord’s help in physical and spiritual distress; oft. in the synopt. gospels: Mt 8:10; 9:2, 22, 29 (κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν); 15:28; Mk 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 10:52; Lk 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:42.—Cp. ἔχει πίστιν τοῦ σωθῆναι (the lame man) had faith that he would be cured Ac 14:9.

β. of faith in Christ, designated by the addition of certain words. By the obj. gen. (s. Just., D. 52, 4 διὰ τῆς πίστεως τῆς τοῦ χριστοῦ) πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ faith in Jesus Christ (and sim. exprs. On interp. as obj. gen. s. AHultgren, NovT 22, ’80, 248–63 [lit.]; response SWilliams, CBQ 49, ’87, 431–47.) Ro 3:22, 26; Gal 2:16ab, 20; 3:22; Eph 3:12; Phil 3:9a; Js 2:1; Rv 14:12; cp. 2:13 (ἡ πίστις μου=faith in me, the Human One [Son of Man]); IMg 1:1. (The πίστις Χριστοῦ in Paul is taken as a subj. gen. by JHaussleiter, Der Glaube Jesu Christi 1891, Was versteht Paulus unter christlichem Glauben?: Greifswalder Studien für HCremer 1895, 161–82 and GKittel, StKr 79, 1906, 419ff. See also Schläger, ZNW 7, 1906, 356–58; BLongenecker, NTS 39, ’93, 478–80 [lit. since ’81]; DCampbell, JBL 113, ’94, 265–85; response BDodd, 114, ’95, 470–73.—ADeissmann, Paulus² 1925, 125f [Paul, tr. WWilson, 1926, 162ff], speaks of the mystical gen., ‘faith in Christ’. Likew. HWeber, Die Formel ‘in Christo Jesu’: NKZ 31, 1920, 213ff, esp. 231, 3; WWeber, Christusmystik 1924, 82. S. also LAlbrecht, Der Glaube Jesu Christi 1921; OSchmitz, Die Christusgemeinschaft des Pls im Lichte seines Genetivgebr. 1924, 91–134; OHoltzmann, D. Glaube an Jes.: Stromata 1930, 11–25; GTaylor, JBL 85, ’66, 58–76: the passages in Gal=Christ’s reliability as a trustee. Cp. GHoward, HTR 60, ’67, 459–65; MHooker, NTS 35, ’89, 321–42.)—By prepositional phrases: πίστις εἰς Χριστόν (and sim. exprs.) faith in Christ Ac 20:21; 24:24; 26:18; Col 2:5 (Just., D. 40, 1).—Also πίστις ἐν Χριστῷ (and sim.) Gal 3:26; Eph 1:15; Col 1:4; 1 Ti 3:13; 2 Ti 3:15; 1 Cl 22:1. In ἱλαστήριον διὰ πίστεως ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι Ro 3:25, ἐν κτλ. prob. goes not w. πίστις, but w. ἱλαστήριον (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; W-S. §20, 5d).—πίστις, ἣν ἔχεις πρὸς τ. κύριον Ἰησοῦν Phlm 5.—πίστις διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χριστοῦ Ac 20:21 D; sim. ἡ πίστις ἡ διʼ αὐτοῦ 3:16b (cp. 1 Pt 1:21).—Jesus Christ is called ἡ τελεία πίστις ISm 10:2.

ⓒ πίστις can also be characterized by an objective gen. of the thing: ἡ πίστις τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ faith in his (Jesus’) name Ac 3:16a. ἡ πίστις τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Phil 1:27. εὐαγγελίων πίστις Dg 11:6. πίστις ἀληθείας 2 Th 2:13.

ⓓ πίστις is found mostly without an obj., faith, firm commitment

α. as true piety, genuine devotion (Sextus 7a and 7; ParJer 6:7), which for our lit. means being a Christian (τὸ ἀληθινὸν πάσχα … πίστει νονούμενον Hippol., Ref. 8, 18, 1; Did., Gen. 54, 11) Lk 18:8 (s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 288); 22:32; Ac 6:5=vs. 8 v.l.; cp. 11:24.—6:7; 13:8; 14:22; 15:9; 16:5; Ro 1:5, 8, 12, 17ab (ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν does not mean a gradation [as, in a way, Appian, Mithrid. 40 §154: Sulla came upon ἕτερον ὅμοιον ἐξ ἑτέρου=one wall, i.e. fortification, after another similar one] or a transition from one kind to another [Himerius, Or.=Ecl. 10, 6 ἐκ ᾠδῆς εἰς ᾠδὴν ἄλλην μετέβαλον=they changed from one kind of song to another], but merely expresses in a rhetorical way that πίστις is the beginning and the end; s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc., and a grave-ins [ANock, Sallust. p. xxxiii, 94] ἐκ γῆς εἰς γῆν ὁ βίος οὗτοσ=‘dust is the beginning and the end of human life’.—AFridrichsen, ConNeot 12, ’48, 54); 17c (here and in Gal 3:11 the LXX of Hab 2:4 [DCampbell, JBL 116, ’97, 713–19] is not followed literally, since it has ἐκ πίστεώς μου=‘as a result of my faithfulness’; even in Hb 10:38, where μου does occur, it goes w. δίκαιος, not w. πίστεως); Ro 3:27f (Luther’s addition of the word ‘alone’ in vs. 28 is hard to contest linguistically. Cp., e.g., Diog. L. 9, 6: Heraclitus wrote his work in very obscure language ὅπως οἱ δυνάμενοι προσίοιεν αὐτῷ=in order that only the capable might approach it. S. also Fitzmyer, ABComm. 360–64), 30f; 4:5–20 (s. also 2a above); 5:1f; 9:30, 32; 10:6, 17; 11:20 (opp. ἀπιστία); 12:3, 6 (s. ἀναλογία; for a difft. view 3 below); 14:1, 22 (s. ἐνώπιον 2b; others would place in 2dε), 23ab (but s. ε below); 16:26; 1 Cor 2:5; 15:14, 17; 16:13; 2 Cor 1:24ab; 4:13; 10:15; 13:5; Gal 3:7–26; 5:5, 6 (s. ἐνεργέω 1b); 6:10 (οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως, s. οἰκεῖος b); Eph 2:8; 3:17; 4:5, 13; 6:16; Phil 1:25 (χαρὰ τῆς πίστεως); 2:17; 3:9b; Col 1:23; 2:7; 1 Th 3:2, 5, 7, 10; 2 Th 1:3, 11; 3:2; 1 Ti 1:2, 4, 5 (π. ἀνυπόκριτος), 19ab; 4:1; 5:8; 6:10, 12, 21 (but s. 3 below); 2 Ti 1:5 (ἀνυπόκριτος π.); 2:18; 3:8; Tit 1:1, 4, 13; 3:15; Phlm 6 (s. κοινωνία 4); Hb 6:12; 10:22, 39 (opp. ὑποστολή); Js 1:3; 2:5; 1 Pt 1:5, 7, 9; 5:9; 2 Pt 1:1; 1J 5:4; 1 Cl 1:2 (ἡ πανάρετος κ. βεβαία π.); ISm 1:1 (ἀκίνητος π.); Hm 5, 2, 1; 12, 5, 4 (both πλήρης ἐν τῇ πίστει full of faith); 5, 2, 3 (π. ὁλόκληρος); 9:6 (ὁλοτελὴς ἐν τ. π.), 7 (opp. διψυχία), 12 (π. ἡ ἔχουσα δύναμιν); 12, 6, 1; Hs 9, 19, 2 (ἀπὸ τῆς π. κενοί); 9, 26, 8 (κολοβοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς π. αὐτῶν).—τὸ ῥῆμα τ. πίστεως Ro 10:8. οἱ λόγοι τῆς π. 1 Ti 4:6. τὸ μυστήριον τῆς π. 3:9. ὁ θεὸς ἤνοιξεν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν θύραν πίστεως God has opened the door of faith to the Gentiles, i.e. opened the way for them to participate in a new relationship w. God Ac 14:27 (s. also θύρα 1bγ). ἀκοὴ πίστεως Gal 3:2, 5 (s. ἀκοή 2 and 4b). (τὸ) ἔργον (τῆς) π. 1 Th 1:3; 2 Th 1:11 (s. ἔργον 1b). οἱ ἐκ πίστεως the people of faith (s. ἐκ 3b) Gal 3:7, 9. πῶς οὐν [πίστιν εὑρ]ίσκομεν; Ox 1081, 25f (but here [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν is the preferable restoration w. Till after the Coptic SJCh 90, 2); 32. Of gnostics τοῦ ὄφεως πίστιν ἔχουσιν AcPlCor 2:20.—If the principal component of Christianity is faith, then π. can be understood as the Gospel in terms of the commitment it evokes (cp. SIG 932, 7 [II/I B.C.]) νῦν εὐαγγελίζεται τὴν πίστιν ἥν ποτε ἐπόρθει Gal 1:23 (s. 3 below). Perh. also Ro 1:5.

β. Hb 11:1 defines πίστις as ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις, πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων. There is here no qu. about the mng. of π. as confidence or assurance (s. 2a above), but on its relation to ὑπόστασις as its predication s. under that word.—(Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 18 interprets πιστεύειν in someth. as incapability to see someth. that is apparent only to God.) Paul contrasts walking διὰ εἴδους (εἶδος 3) as the lower degree, with διὰ πίστεως περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 5:7 (s. KDeissner, Pls. u. die Mystik seiner Zeit² 1921, 101ff). On the other hand πίστις is on a higher level than merely listening to Christian preaching Hb 4:2.

γ. πίστις abs., as a Christian virtue, is often coupled w. others of the same kind, esp. oft. w. ἀγάπη: 1 Th 3:6; 5:8; 1 Ti 1:14; 2 Ti 1:13; Phlm 5; B 11:8; IEph 1:1; 9:1; 14:1; 20:1; IMg 1:2; 13:1; IRo ins; ISm ins; 6:1; 13:2; AcPl Ha 8, 35. W. ἀγάπη and other abstracts 2 Cor 8:7; Gal 5:22; Eph 6:23; 1 Ti 2:15; 4:12; 6:11: 2 Ti 2:22; 3:10; Tit 2:2; Rv 2:19; IPhld 11:2; Pol 4:2; Hm 8:9; cp. v 3, 8, 2–5. The triad πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη 1 Cor 13:13; cp. also Col 1:4f; 1 Th 1:3; 5:8; B 1:4 (on this triad see s.v. ἀγάπη 1aα). W. ἐλπίς only (cp. 1 Pt 1:21) 1 Cl 58:2. The ζωῆς ἐλπίς is called ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος πίστεως ἡμῶν B 1:6.—W. ἀλήθεια (TestLevi 8:2) 1 Ti 2:7 (cp. the combination POxy 70, 4f [III A.D.]); 1 Cl 60:4. W. δικαιοσύνη Pol 9:2. W. ὑπομονή Rv 13:10; w. ὑπομ. and other abstracts 2 Pt 1:5f; Pol 13:2 (cp. also the following passages already referred to in this section: 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 3:10; Tit 2:2 and Js 1:3 [α above]). W. γνῶσις (Just., D. 69, 1) et al. 2 Pt 1:5f [s. above]; D 10:2. ἵνα μετὰ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν τελείαν ἔχητε τὴν γνῶσιν B 1:5. W. φόβος and ἐγκράτεια Hm 6, 1, 1.—(Distinguished from θεία σοφία: Orig., C. Cels. 6, 13, 23.)

δ. faith as fidelity to Christian teaching. This point of view calls for ἔργα as well as the kind of πίστις that represents only one side of true piety: Js 2:14ab, 17, 18abc, 20, 22ab, 24, 26 (ἔργον 1a); Hv 3, 6, 5; Hs 8, 9, 1ab.

ε. Ro 14:22 and 23 π. as freedom or strength in faith, conviction (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; but s. α above).

ζ. In addition to the πίστις that every Christian possesses (s. 2dα above) Paul speaks of a special gift of faith that belongs to a select few 1 Cor 12:9. Here he understands π. as an unquestioning belief in God’s power to aid people with miracles, the faith that ‘moves mountains’ 13:2 (cp. Mt 17:20.—21:21; s. 2a above). This special kind of faith may be what the disciples had in mind when they asked πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν Lk 17:5; cp. vs. 6. τῇ πίστει φερόμενος ὁ Παυλος AcPl Ha 5, 1.

③ that which is believed, body of faith/belief/teaching (Diod S 1, 23, 8 ἰσχυρὰν πίστιν καὶ ἀμετάθετον=an article of faith that was firm and unshakable [concerning Orpheus and Dionysus]; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 8, 1; Iren., 1, 10, 2 [Harv. I, 92, 1]; Orig., C. Cels., 1, 42, 26; Did., Gen. 156, 23). So clearly Jd 3 (τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει), 20 (τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ ὑμῶν πίστει.—ἅγιος 1aα). πίστις θεοῦ=that which, acc. to God’s will, is to be believed IEph 16:2.—This objectivizing of the term πίστις is found as early as Paul: Ro 1:5; Gal 1:23 (s. 2dα end) and perh. Gal 3:23–25 (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.). ASeeberg, D. Katechismus der Urchristenheit 1903, 110f, understands 1 Ti 1:19; 4:1, 6; 6:10, cp. 21; 2 Ti 2:18 in this manner. Ro 12:6 (but s. ἀναλογία) and 2 Ti 4:7 are also interpreted in this way by many.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 475–86; ASchlatter, D. Glaube im NT⁴ 1927; APott, Das Hoffen im NT in seiner Beziehung zum Glauben1915; ANairne, The Faith of the NT 1920; RGyllenberg, Pistis 1922; WKümmel, D. Glaube im NT: ThBl 16, ’38, 209–21; Dodd 65–68; TTorrance, ET 68, ’57, 111–14; CMoule, ibid. 157.—Synoptics: TShearer, ET 69, ’57, 3–6.—Esp. for Paul: BBartmann, Pls, die Grundzüge seiner Lehre u. die moderne Religionsgeschichte 1914; WMorgan, The Religion and Theology of Paul 1917; WHatch, The Pauline Idea of Faith in Its Relation to Jewish and Hellenistic Religion 1917; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 4:25; FKnoke, Der christl. Glaube nach Pls 1922; ERohde, Gottesglaube u. Kyriosglaube bei Pls: ZNW 22, 1923, 43–57; EWissmann, Das Verh. v. πίστις und Christusfrömmigkeit bei Pls 1926; MDibelius, Glaube u. Mystik b. Pls: Neue Jahrb. f. Wissensch. u. Jugendbildg. 7, ’31, 683–99; WMundle, D. Glaubensbegriff des Pls ’32 (p. xi–xvi extensive bibliog.); RGyllenberg, Glaube b. Pls: ZWT 13, ’37, 612–30; MHansen, Om Trosbegrebet hos Pls ’37; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics, ’47, 270–77; 298–300; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 310–26 (Engl. tr. KGrobel I ’51, 314–30; for the Johannines II, 70–92, ’55); MMassinger, BiblSacra 107, ’50, 181–94 et al. S. also δικαιοσύνη 3a.—For the Fourth Gosp.: JBuswell, The Ethics of ‘Believe’ in the Fourth Gospel: BiblSacra 80, 1923, 28–37; JHuby, De la connaissance de foi chez S. Jean: RSR 21, ’31, 385–421; RSchnackenburg, D. Glaube im 4. Ev., diss. Breslau ’37; WHatch, The Idea of Faith in Christ. Lit. fr. the Death of St. Paul to the Close of the Second Century 1926.—EGraesser, D. Glaube im Hebräerbrief, ’65.—ABaumeister, D. Ethik des Pastor Hermae, 1912, 61–140.—ESeidl, π. in d. griech. Lit. (to Peripatetics), diss. Innsbruck, ’53; HLjungman, Pistis, ’64; DLührmann, Pistis im Judent., ZNW 64, ’73, 19–38. On faith in late Judaism s. Bousset, Rel.³ 534a (index); also DHay, JBL 108, ’89, 4611–76; DLindsay, Josephus and Faith ’93. On the Hellenistic concept πίστις Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 234–36.—DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

πονηρία, ας, ἡ (πονηρός; Soph., Hippocr. et al.) in our lit. only in the ethical sense: state or condition of a lack of moral or social values, wickedness, baseness, maliciousness, sinfulness (Soph.; Lysias 22, 16 et al.; OGI 519, 10; PLips 119 recto and verso I, 7; LXX; En 10:16; OdeSol 11:20; Test12Patr; Philo, De Jos. 212; Jos., Ant. 10, 37; 13, 120; Just., Tat.; Mel., P. 50, 369 Bo.; Orig., Did., loanw. in rabb.) Mt 22:18; Hv 3, 5, 4; 3, 6, 1. W. ἁρπαγή Lk 11:39; w. ἄνοια 2 Cl 13:1; w. δολιότης Hs 8, 6, 2; w. κακία 1 Cor 5:8. In the Lord’s Prayer Mt 6:13 v.l. In a catalogue of vices (s. Philo, Ebr. 223) Ro 1:29; 1 Cl 35:5. Cp. Hs 9, 15, 3, where πονηρία and other vices are personified. πονηρία μεγάλη Hv 2, 2, 2a. Of children μὴ γινώσκοντα τὴν πονηρίαν τὴν ἀπολλύουσαν τὴν ζωήν ἀνθρώπων who know nothing of the wickedness that ruins the life of people Hm 2:1 (s. παιδίον 2).—In the objective gen. κόλασις τῆς π. punishment for wickedness Hs 9, 18, 1; ὁ μισθὸς τῆς π. B 4:12. In gen. of quality (to be rendered as adj.; respectable Gk. [cp. ὁ τᾶς ἡσυχίας βίοτος Eur., Bacch. 389], but strongly influenced in our lit. by Semitic tradition, s. Leutzsch, Hermas 383 n. 44; cp. Schwyzer II 122): ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς π. evil desire Hv 1, 1, 8; m 11:2; συμφυρμοὶ πονηρίας v 2, 2, 2b; διδάσκαλοι πονηρίας evil teachers or obj. gen. teachers of wickedness Hs 9, 19, 2; τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς π. (Iren. 1, 5, 4 [Harv. I 47, 2]) Eph 6:12 (s. πνευματικός 3); ὁ ἄγγελος τῆς πονηρίας (opp. ἄγγ. τῆς δικαιοσύνης) Hm 6, 2, 1; 4f; 7; 9f (cp. 1QS 3:18f). πλείονα πονηρίαν ποιεῖν act more wickedly Hs 9, 18, 2.—Pl., of the various kinds of evil-mindedness and individual expressions of it (Demosth. 21, 19; Aristot. 1389a, 18; Jer 39:32; B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4; s. Rob. 408) Mk 7:22; Ac 3:26; 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:16); Hv 3, 7, 2; m 8:3. αἱ π. ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἐμμένουσιν wickedness remains in their hearts Hv 3, 6, 3 (here the pl. could refer to the plurality of persons involved, since virtually only one kind of wickedness is meant). On πονηρεύεσθαι ποικίλαις πονηρίαις Hs 9, 18, 3 see πονηρεύομαι.—S. also ἁγιάζω 4, ἀποβάλλω 1b, ἀφαιρέω 2a, κατισχύω 2, παύω 2.—DELG s.v. πένομαι. M-M. TW.